Practice exercise #8

Topics: Natural disasters, Indirect Speech, Imperative.

Sub-topics: Direct Speech.

For this section I will make a review of the topics learned through on a exercise using all the structures, vocabulary and more to show my improvement at these topics.

 Indirect Speech: Imperative 

Sub-topics: Direct Speech

We use indirect speech to report what someone said without quoting the exact words. It applies mostly to orders. Don't use quotation marks when you write indirect speech.

Structure: 

Affirmative: Order + Infinive verb + Complement.

Negative: Order + Not + Infinitive verb + Complement.

An imperative in direct speech becomes an infinitive in indirect speech.

Example:

• Direct Speech: Peter said, "Be careful if you go out during the storm" / My mom said, "Use an umbrella"

• Indirect Speech: Peter said to be careful to go out during the storm. / My mom said to use an umbrella.

They said, "Read the weather report" / They said to read the weather report.

She says, "Don't go out without a full tank of gas" / She says not to go out without a full tank of gas.

Change the pronouns in indirect speech as necessary for logic:

Martin said, "Tell me as soon as you know" / Martin told me to tell him as soon as I know.

She told me, "Please call me when you get home" / She told me to call her when I get home.

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 Noun Clauses

We use "NOUN CLAUSES" for giving information about something. A noun clause is introduced by the word "THAT", a noun cluse it's a sentence inside another sentence.

Structure:

Subject + Verb + Complement + THAT + Subject + Verb + Complement.

Noun clauses often follow these verbs and adjecives:

Agree           Hear                                        Disappointed
Think           See                                           Happy
Believe       Understand                            Sad
Feel             Hope                                        Sorry
Suppose     Forget                                     Sure
Doubt          Remember                            Surprised
Guess          Know

Examples:

1. I didn't know THAT he wrote this book.
2. I think THAT Junot Diaz's novels are fantastic.
3. Did you forget THAT her biography was 500 pages long? 

When we speak or when the noun clause functions as a direct object, the word "THAT" may be omitted.

Examples:

1. I didn't know he wrote this book.
2. I think Junot Diaz's novels are fantastic.
3. Did you forget her biography was 500 pages long?

When we use short answers, we can use "SO" to replace a noun clause after the verbs THINK, BELIEVE, GUESS and HOPE.
Examples:

A: Does Stephen King have a new book out?
B: I THINK SO/ I BELIEVE SO/ I GUESS SO/ I HOPE SO.

(SO = I THINK Stephen King have a new book out)

Note: "SO" is only used for affirmative in all the verbs, but in negative we use: 

I DON'T THINK SO/ I DON'T BELIEVE SO/ I GUESS NOT/ I HOPE NOT. 

(I don't guess so/ I don't hope so) 

Finally, a noun clause can also be an adjective complement.

Examples:

1. It's interesting (THAT) she wrote a new book.
2. I'm surprised (THAT) he hasn't written a new novel yet.

At speaking, the stress in the sentence is pronunced in the verb.

There's a lot of words that can be used as a NOUN CLAUSE:

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Recommend a book and ways to describe a book

 Recommend a book 

Sub-topic: Genres of books.

When we enjoy something, we share our passions with friends or family and we can have a dicuss about it. Reading is the perfect example of these situations.

Example:

Yui: Oh, hey Reiji, I didn't know you are here at the manor library. What are you searching for?

Reiji: Oh, dear Yui. I'm not here for something special, just my daily dracula biography reading. You know I just can't put it down. 

Yui: Oh yeah, I know, it's a real page turner.

Reiji: How about you? It's a surprise to see you here.

Yui: Oh don't mind me, I'm juuust ehm I'll just browse something interesting here. You know, it's a big library so I'm just keep going hehe. See you later.

Reiji: Wait! I know you're on something, I know you very well... Confess.

Yui: Waaaa, I'm sorry, I didn't want to hide something for you but you caught me. I just can't seem to get into the thriller books you said the other day, they just aren't my thing, so I came to give them back at their bookshelves. And I had shame to tell you, I know you enjoy reading and you can't get enough of books. Sniff*

Reiji: Oh Yui, you don't need to cry, it's fine dear. Here, what about search for something you like and we read it together? Sorry if I didn't ask you before.

Yui: Don't worry, I understand, I'm better now, thanks. Spending time with you always makes me happy.

Reiji: I'm glad, so what would you like to read?

Yui: Hmmmm let's see... What about... romance books? 

Reiji: (Oh no, those put me to sleep, they're my only weakness in my passion for reading, but I'll do it for her) 

Yui: Reiji?

Reiji: Oh hahaha well if it's what your heart desires, I will gladly do it.

Yui: u/////w/////u

 Genres of books

The books we read contain a lot of topics, information and more for all people's tastes, that's why we have them separated by genres. Let's see some of them.

• Fiction

Novels (Novelas)

Mysteries (Misterio)

Thrillers (Suspenso)

Romance (Romance)

Science-fiction (Ciencia ficción)

Short-stories (Historias cortas)

• Non-fiction

Biographies (Biografías)

Autobiographies (Autobiografías)

Travel (Viaje)

Memoirs (Memorias)

Self-help (Superación personal / Autoayuda)

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The Causative 2

 The Causative with MAKE - LET

Sub-topic: The Causative with GET - HAVE.

According with "The Causative 1" we also have other verbs that can be used in the caustive structure and give to the sentence a different meaning.

The first one is the verb "MAKE", the causative make is used to express the idea that one person forces another to do something. The causative with "MAKE" is not an incitation, it's an obligation.

Structure:

Subject + MAKE (Made) + Object + Base form of the verb + Complement

Ex: 

• They MAKE their kids finish their homework before dinner.

• She MADE him sign the form.

• The U MADE us buy the plattform.

• The policeman HAS MADE them show their IDs.

The second verb is "LET", is used to indicate that a permission is being given to do something. The causative with "LET" it's a synoym to PERMIT.

Structure: 

Subject + LET + Object + Base form of the verb + Complement

Ex:

• My boss LET me take the day off.

• I don't LET my children stay out after 9:00 pm.

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The Causative 1

 The Causative with GET - HAVE

Sub-Topic: Offer a solution

This structure is for cases when you "cause" someone to do something you can't,  is similar to the PASSIVE VOICE but this is very different. We DON'T DO the action, but we CAUSE or PERSUADE another person DO IT for us or someone else.

Structure:

We use the verb "GET" and it can be used in all the tenses and structures. And also we use the infinitive form of the verb.

Subject + Get (Gets, got, gotten) + Object + Infinitive form of the verb + Complement.

For this case the object is the person who DOES the action for the subject.

Example:

• The U GOT the students TO BUY the plattform.
• My sister GETS her children TO WASH the dishes.
• I'll GET the waiter TO CORRECT the check.
• DID she GET her friends TO GIVE money to the school?

Also, we can use "HAVE" and the base form of the verb and still meaning the same.

Subject + Have (Has, had) + Object + Base form of the verb + Complement.

Example:

• The U HAD the students BUY the plattform.
• My sister HAS her children WASH the dishes.
• I'll HAVE the waiter CORRECT the check.
• DID she HAVE her friends GIVE money to the school?

There is more causative verbs that we can use:

Tenses of the causative:

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Practice Exercise #3.0

Topics: Talk about medications, Must, Showing concern and offering help.

Sub-topics: Prescription, Symtoms

For this section I will make a review of the topics learned through on a exercise using all the structures, vocabulary and more to show my improvement at these topics.

Modal Verbs 1: MUST

 Drawing conclusions with: MUST

(NOTE: Remember, a modal verb is a word that modifies other verbs)

Use the modal MUST  to draw a conclusion and indicate that you think something is probably true.

Must = Deber - Deberías.

Structure (Affirmative): 

Subject + MUST + Verb ib base form + Complement

Example: A: I haven't done my homework yet. And it's for tomorrow!

               B: You must start it right now then! I will help you.

Structure (Negative):  

Subject + MUST + NOT + Verb ib base form + Complement

Example: A: Hey, how about to play videogames right now?

               B: We must not play at this hour! It's almost midnight and tomorrow we have classes. Let's go to bed instead.

               B: Boring.

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Health Matters

 Health Matters 1 

Symtoms are those sensations whose make the people feel bad and sick, are signals that indicate something is wrong in our body.

Rising intonation - Falling intonation

 Rising intonation and Falling intonation

Sub-topic: Tag Questions

Practice exercise #1

 Topics: Make a small talk - Ask for permission - Tag questions

For this section I will make a review of the topics learned through on a exercise using all the structures, vocabulary and more to show my improvement at these topics.

 Tag Questions

Ask for permission

Sub-topics: Make a small talk

People who have just met usually ASK each other FOR PERMISSION to address as a formal way of respect and etiquette to be formal at work, tourism or travelling.

Some expressions used are:

• Do you mind if I...?
  
• Would it be rude to...?
• What would you like to be called?
  
• How do you prefer to be addressed?
• Do you use Ms. or Mrs.? (Just for woman)

Juan: Hello, kitty lady! Excuse me, I'm Juan, do you know where the food is? 

Ms.Caterson: Hi, of course I know. Follow me.

Juan: Purrfect! Hey, What's your name?

Ms.Caterson: I'm Carla caterson.

Juan: Oh, do you use Ms. or Mrs?

Ms. Caterson: Hehe. Please call me Ms. Caterson. Nice to meet you Juan.

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Make a small talk

Make a small talk

Sub-topics: Ask for permission and Tag Questions

People usually use small talks to ask for information, hang out with someone or just for, maybe, make a new friend.

For example:

— Melody: Hi, excuse me. You're new around here, don't you?

— Sweet Piano: Yes! I'm new at this park. I'm searching for flowers, I love the flowers, but I'm a little lost right now.

— Melody: Oh my! Well you see, I know very well this park, I can show you around and help you to find beautiful flowers, can't I?

— Sweet Piano: Oh but of course you can!, that will be wonderful, thanks! By the way, my name is sweet piano. Nice to meet you!

— Melody: Nice to meet you too, my name is melody.

— Sweet Piano: Would it be rude if I call you Mel?

— Melody: Absolutely no, please do. Well, we better go to find those flowers, don't we?

— Sweet Piano: Yeah, let's go!

 

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